Towards Educational Inclusion in a Transforming Society: Some Lessons from Community Relations and Special Needs Education in Northern Ireland

This paper takes an original approach to an important aspect of educational research and its role in transforming societies, namely that of educational inclusion. It brings together what some might consider two rather strange bedfellows i.e. community relations and special needs education. It also draws upon new tools for theorising educational inclusion, which give a central role to the discursive nature of human conduct and which take a view of human behaviour as socially embedded and meaningful.

Towards Educational Inclusion in a Contested Society: From Critical Reflection to Cultural Action

This paper is written by democratic educators who stand for the idea that is it worth developing, through classrooms and schools, a socially just (egalitarian), anti-discriminatory society where interdependent relationships are valued. This paper significantly develops some of the ideas explored in the authors’ earlier contribution concerned with progress in Northern Ireland towards educational inclusion, and how this might more effectively advance in a post-conflict transforming society. In particular, the paper poses the ‘so what’ question, and it responds by exploring the practical implications of six key ideas thought essential for transforming learning environments supportive of cultural diversity, equity and excellence for all. In addition, it includes examples of how school staff, along with collaborating partners, might utilize these key principles in order to facilitate school improvement.

Women in the driving seat Eastern European immigrant women s citizenship participation and educational inclusion in Portugal

This paper is a case study of Eastern European immigrant women’s social inclusion in Portugal through civic participation. An analysis of interviews conducted with women leaders and members of two ethnic associations provides a unique insight into their migrant pathways as highly educated women and the ways in which these women are constructing their citizenship in new contexts in Northern Portugal. These women’s accounts of their immigrant experience embrace both the public realm, in using their own education and their children’s as a means of integration but also spill over into ‘non-public’ familial relationships at home in contradictory ways. These include the sometimes traditional, gender-defined division of labour within the associations and at home and the new ways that they negotiate their relative autonomies to escape forms of violence and subordination that they face as women and immigrants.

Educational inclusion and critical pedagogy. 'Inclusión educativa y pedagogía crítica'.

Monográfico con el título: 'Pedagogía crítica del S. XXI'. Resumen basado en el de la publicación

The impression that I get : educational inclusion explored through the voices of young people with vision impairment

Despite the notion of educational inclusion of students with disabilities increasing in popularity, the day-to-day reality of its effectiveness remains mostly unknown. This paper reports key findings of a small-scale qualitative study that was conducted with a group of young people with vision impairment who attended an inclusive secondary school. The aim of the research was to ascertain their voiced experiences of their inclusion. Relevant to the study was the researcher’s insider status, which allowed for his unique insight and shared experiences with participants to influence data collection and analysis. The students reported a constant trade off that occurred between their aspirations for access and autonomy and practices of other stakeholders in the school that both facilitated and inhibited their inclusion. In sum, the students’ inclusion was ineffective because of habitual inhibiting actions of others. Recommendations are made based on Slee’s (2001) call for altered teaching and learning realities to promote educational inclusion, and a model of social justice that could bring about increased student agency (Higgins, Macarthur & Kelly, 2009).

Educational Inclusion in the Regular Classroom: an Asperger Syndrome Case

The following paper resulted from the final research project conducted for my Master’s Degree in Teacher Training for Teachers of Primary Education (1st – 6th grade of the Basic General Education). This research project was conducted under the supervision of the Rural Education Division of the Center for Research and Teaching in Education (CIDE-UNA, Spanish acronym), in coordination with the Central America Educational and Cultural Coordination (CECC). The research is qualitative with an interpretative approach. Our main objective was to analyze the process of inclusive education in the regular classroom for a person with Asperger’s Syndrome, defined as a type of social impairment. The case study method was used in this research, as it allows a deeper study. A girl was chosen from a public school in an urban area of San José, Costa Rica. Three techniques were used to obtain information: interviews, questionnaires and documentation (personal file, behavior record, and psychological assessment) related to the girl with Asperger. The triangulation of sources was used as a method of analysis. The conclusion of the project was that regular schools may have children miss-diagnosed with Asperger’s Syndrome, and that our schools are still far from achieving inclusive education, but efforts are being made to achieve it. For a more opportune intervention, some recommendations based on this study were provided to the family and the school of the girl with Asperger.

Examining the inclusion experiences of students with intellectual disabilities : a study focusing on the transition from elementary to secondary school

Transitioning from elementary to secondary school is a major event in adolescents' lives and can be associated with academic, social, and emotional challenges (Shaffer, 2005; Sirsch, 2003). Considerably less research has focused on the transitional experiences of students with intellectual disabilities (lD) as they enter secondary school and the role of educational inclusion in this process (Noland, Cason, & Lincoln, 2007). Conceivably, students with ID who leave inclusive elementary schools, where they have been educated alongside their peers without ID, and who enter segregated secondary educational placements may experience unique social and emotional challenges (Farmer, Pearl, & Van Acker, 1996; Fryxell & Kennedy, 1995; Shaffer, 2005). This study examined the transitional experiences of 6 students with ID and the role of educational inclusion, with a focus on elementary to secondary school transitions from inclusive to segregated settings and vice versa. This study included the collection of multiple sources of data. Semi-structured interviews with 6 caregivers and students with ID were conducted. Students' Individual Education Transitional Plans were discussed in caregivers' interviews to determine how they shaped students' educational inclusion experiences (Ontario Ministry of Education & Training, 1999/2000/2004). Parts ofthe following questionnaires were "qualitized" (Tashakkori & Teddlie, 1998) and administered orally: "Youth Self-Report" (YSR; Achenbach, 2001 c) and "Child Behaviour Checklist Caregivers Form" (CBLC/6-18; Achenbach, 200la). The findings of this study contribute to the literature on educational inclusion by highlighting the positive/negative social and emotional impact of congruent and incongruent transitional experiences of students with ID and the role of educational inclusion.

Reconstructing the mosaic of inclusion for children with intellectual disabilities

This thesis proposes new thinking about educational inclusion for children with disabilities. It examines current policies and practices alongside experiences of teachers, parents, aides, students and children with intellectual disabilities. It elaborates the value of (inter)dependence as a guiding principle and identifies 'chinks of possibility' to drive inclusion efforts.

Reasonable adjustments in assessment : putting law and policy into practice in Australia

The Australian Disability Standards for Education 2005 (Cth) require education providers to make reasonable adjustments in educational assessment so that students with disability can participate on the same basis as other students and be able to demonstrate what they know and can do. Reasonableness is governed by a determination of the balance of interests, benefits and detriment to the parties involved. The Standards require providers to consult with students and associates on adjustments, although guidance on how consultation should occur and how the views of students and associates are to be taken into account is vague. In this article, we identify three principles to be considered in order to put appropriate and effective reasonable adjustments in assessment into practice. While Australian law and assessment contexts are used to examine intentions, expectations and practices in educational assessment for students with disability, we argue that these three principles must be considered in any national education system to ensure equitable assessment practices and achieve equitable educational inclusion for students with disability.

Estudio de caso: intervención en el área de educación física para avanzar en la inclusión de un alumno con parálisis cerebral

En este trabajo se propone mediante dos sesiones de Educación Física, la inclusión educativa de un alumno con parálisis cerebral mediante actividades y juegos. Previa a esta programación, se destaca la relevancia que tiene la inclusión a nivel social y el eco que está logrando en la comunidad educativa. Centrándonos en su análisis conceptual y haciendo referencia al alumnado con necesidades educativas especiales, se numeran la infinidad de beneficios existentes para todo el grupo. Analizados sus beneficios y teniendo en cuenta las adaptaciones necesarias, se presentan las actividades mencionadas con anterioridad y se resaltan las conclusiones extraídas.

A dialética da inclusão em educação: uma possibilidade num cenário de contradições Um estudo de caso sobre a implementação da política de inclusão para alunos com deficiências na rede de ensino Faetec

Este estudo é o resultado de uma reflexão sobre a implementação de uma política de inclusão que se encontra em desenvolvimento, propondo a formação profissional como um meio possível de inclusão do aluno com deficiência na sociedade. Essa pesquisa, de natureza qualitativa, foi desenvolvida por meio de um estudo de caso com enfoque etnográfico, somados às experiências de campo adquiridas em nossa prática na rede de ensino Faetec. Como lócus foi utilizado o programa de inclusão, setor responsável pela execução da política de inclusão na referida rede de ensino. Os procedimentos utilizados como instrumentos na coleta de dados foram a observação participante, a análise documental, as entrevistas abertas e semiestruturadas e o grupo focal com os professores implementadores do programa de inclusão. Procuramos compreender os limites e as possibilidades do processo de implementação de uma política em ação, com vista à remoção de barreira à aprendizagem, à participação dos alunos com deficiências. Para a análise dos dados, utilizamos a análise de conteúdo. Os dados revelaram os desafios e as reais condições da Instituição em relação aos seguintes aspectos: política de ingresso dos alunos com deficiência à rede de ensino Faetec, concepções difusas acerca da inclusão na Instituição, recursos humanos relacionados aos aspectos da formação docente, acessibilidade e a necessidade do suporte para inclusão educacional. O estudo revelou não só as contradições, mas também a complexidade do processo de inclusão vivenciado na rede, em especial, no âmbito da cultura institucional. O estudo destaca que o processo de inclusão em educação, desenvolvido na Faetec constitui-se em uma possibilidade, ainda que se apresente imerso num cenário de contradições. Aponta para necessidade de se ampliar os estudos na área cultural, uma vez que esta dimensão se mostrou fundamental. Como considerações finais, destacamos a importância de se pensar a formação dos professores numa perspectiva inclusiva e dialógica e o papel da escola e dos educadores no atendimento à diversidade dos alunos, tendo em vista a sua formação humana e profissional.

Tactus Colombia: Gestión cultural incluyente

Tactus Colombia es una organización sin ánimo de lucro que gestiona la inclusión social, cultural y educativa de niños y niñas con discapacidad. A través de la literatura, el arte y las distintas formas del conocimiento, la organización busca desarrollar en los niños y las niñas capacidades creativas, críticas, reflexivas y sociales con el fin de formar colombianos más comprometidos con la sociedad y la igualdad de derechos y oportunidades.

A aprendizagem cooperativa como estratégia promotora de inclusão no 1º Ciclo

Deste Trabalho de projeto faz parte uma intervenção junto de uma turma que inclui um aluno considerado com necessidades educativas especiais. A intervenção ocorreu numa turma do 1º ano de escolaridade, numa escola de uma cidade do Alto Alentejo, onde está o aluno desencadeador da nossa ação, diagnosticado com a Síndrome de Prader-Willi. Considerando que a intervenção necessita de ser fundamentada em pressupostos teóricos que sustentem as opções realizadas, no enquadramento teórico são tratados os temas: inclusão, organização e funcionamento da educação especial, aprendizagem cooperativa e estratégias na sala de aula e por último a síndrome de Prader-willi. Relativamente ao enquadramento metodológico, atendendo ao facto da investigação ser realizada numa turma onde vamos intervir, leva a que se trate de uma investigação em que a componente reflexiva teve um papel decisivo em todas as fases do trabalho, tendo-se optado por uma metodologia qualitativa assente nos princípios da investigação-ação. Utilizámos diversos métodos para a recolha de dados, nomeadamente a análise documental, a observação naturalista, a entrevista e a sociometria, o que nos permitiu recolher várias perspetivas sobre o mesmo contexto e proceder a cruzamentos entre elas. Da caracterização da turma, do aluno e dos contextos, partimos para uma intervenção estruturada, numa dinâmica de planificação, ação, avaliação e reflexão, geradora de práticas educativas diferenciadas e inclusivas. Pretendemos, com a intervenção, criar uma dinâmica cooperativa e de colaboração no grupo da turma, para que se alcance uma situação de inclusão educativa, em que os alunos aprendem todos e com todos, para conseguirem obter sucesso educativo. Os resultados obtidos indicam-nos que o aluno está incluído e que ao longo das sessões de trabalho foi mantendo um nível de interação mais positivo com os colegas. As atividades desenvolvidas tiveram impacto sobre todos os alunos e não apenas sobre o aluno desencadeador da ação.

Representações sociais que professores constroem sobre a aprendizagem de alunos numa escola pública inclusiva : um cenário de contradições

Esta dissertação de Mestrado tem por objetivo investigar as representações dos profes-sores sobre a aprendizagem de alunos com deficiência no cotidiano escolar de uma escola inclusiva; as concepções, expectativas, avanços e impasses que permeiam a atuação dos edu-cadores que desenvolvem seu trabalho numa escola pública inclusiva. A base teórica desta pesquisa esteve respaldada na teoria das Representações Sociais e em autores como, Durkheim (1987), Moscovici (1978), Mantoan (2005), Maroja (1998), Emygdio (2011), Sas-saki (1997), Nóvoa (1992), entre outros que ao longo de vários anos vem se preocupando em discutir as representações sociais bem como a temática da inclusão no contexto escolar. A amostra deste estudo foi constituída por oito professoras que trabalham na escola campo de pesquisa, no município de João Pessoa. A coleta de dados foi realizada a partir dos instrumentos de pesquisa como, a observação, o diário de campo, o relato de experiência, a exposição e análise de um filme e a entrevista semi estruturada. As respostas obtidas mostraram que para realizar a educação inclusiva faz-se necessário refletir sobre o conceito, o preconceito, as crenças e concepções acerca da inclusão escolar. Constatamos o desejo de maiores condições de trabalho, no que tange a capacitação, mais recursos pedagógicos e a efetiva participação da família, no processo escolar. Observa-mos ainda, que é impossível trabalhar numa escola inclusiva cultivando o preconceito, a indi-vidualidade, a intolerância e a insensibilidade. Ficou evidente a necessidade de maiores discussões, estudos, ações, espaços adequados para o atendimento especializado e envolvimento de todos os atores da educação para que se efetive de forma satisfatória o processo de inclusão escolar.

Children's sociospatial (re)production of disability within primary school playgrounds

There is a contemporary shift in the institutional context of 'disabled' children's education in the United Kingdom from segregated special to mainstream schools. This change is tied to wider deinstitutionalised or reinstitutionalised geographies of disabled people, fragile globalised educational 'inclusion' agendas, and broader concerns about social cohesiveness. Although coeducating children is expected to transform negative representations of (dis)ability in future society, there are few detailed explorations of how children's everyday sociospatial practices (re)produce or transform dominant representations of (dis)ability. With this in mind, children's contextual and shifting performances of (dis)ability in two case study school playground (recreational) spaces are explored. The findings demonstrate that children with mind-body differences are variously (dis)abled, in comparison with sociospatially shifting norms of ability, which have body, learning, and emotional-social facets. The discussion therefore places an emphasis on the need to incorporate 'intellectual' and 'emotional' differences more fully into geographical studies of disability and identity. The paper has wider resonance for transformative expectations placed on colocating children with a variety of 'axes of difference' (such as gender, 'race, ethnicity, and social class) in schools.